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Jacob Salwyn Schapiro (December 19, 1879 – December 30, 1973) was a Professor Emeritus of History at the City College of New York. ==Work== In his book, ''Liberalism and the Challenge of Fascism'', Schapiro set out to discuss the changes in both England and France. Prof. Schapiro contrasted the smooth evolution of liberalism in England to the violent swings back and forth between reaction and liberal forces in France. This historical violent dialectic in France, in Schapiro's argument, was what created the basic ideas of Nazism. Prof. Schapiro's Definition of Fascism :"It would be a great error to regard fascism as a counterrevolutionary movement directed against the communists, as was that of the reactionaries against the liberals during the first half of the nineteenth century. Fascism is something unique in modern history, in that it is a ''revolutionary'' movement of the middle class directed, on the one hand, against the great banks and big business and, on the other hand, against the revolutionary demands of the working class. It repudiates democracy as a political system in which the bankers, capitalists, and socialists find free scope for their activities, and it favors a dictatorship that will eliminate these elements from the life of the nation. Fascism proclaims a body of doctrines that are not entirely new; there are no "revelations" in history." One thinker whose views Schapiro felt were proto-fascist was French anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865).〔http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1842699?sid=21105610161503&uid=3739568&uid=2133&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256〕 This interpretation of Proudhon's philosophy was strongly challenged by Italian activist and author Nicola Chiaromonte, however.〔http://libcom.org/library/pierre-joseph-proudhon-uncomfortable-thinker-nicola-chiaromonte〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「J. Salwyn Schapiro」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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